As marine technology continues to evolve, diesel-electric propulsion (DEP), hybrid, and all-electric power and propulsion systems have become the new norm. These systems have relied heavily on lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (ESS), promising dramatic improvements in battery performance with future technology development. However, safety and energy storage capacity limitations have posed a significant challenge, with susceptibility to catastrophic failure due to thermal runaway and limited energy density and space/weight limitations on board a vessel. 

Recent trends in the marine industry have focused on hydrogen-based propulsion, including blended hydrogen fuels for internal combustion engine (ICE) applications and fuel cell (FC) technology. While ESS requires supercharging, hydrogen-based systems require fueling, posing new challenges for the industry. This paper will discuss the limitations, solutions, and future expectations associated with these challenges and global mega-trends. By exploring these advancements, we can better understand the future of hybrid, all-electric propulsion, and eFuel systems that drive innovation and sustainability in today’s maritime industry.