Concurrent Technical Session 5C-A: Underlying Security Issues in Marine Systems
Jonathan Anderson, MUN 

As marine systems are increasingly digitalized, they become accrue the benefits of increased efficiency and costs of increased security risks. Marine systems, like industrial control systems before them, are vulnerable by design to a variety of cyberattacks. Systems and protocols that were designed with naïve trust assumptions are now exposed to data from the Internet, exposing safety-critical systems to potential attacks. 

Fortunately, although marine systems have unique characteristics, they are not the first to encounter the underlying security issues that now threaten them. There are lessons to be learned from other domains of computer security, including industrial control systems, networking and operating systems. In this presentation, we will discuss the history of the marine cybersecurity problem, the assumptions that have left systems in a vulnerable state, what doesn't work in computer security and how we can work together to improve marine cybersecurity in the future. 

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Concurrent Technical Session 5C-B: Arctic Shipping
Joshua Verber & Tien Tran, PhD Students, MUN 

Arctic shipping is expected to grow in the near future due to the potential for economic gain. However, navigating vessels through ice-covered waters is a complex challenge in maintaining crew and ship safety. Therefore, dedicated voyage planning is critical for successful ice navigation. A planned route should optimize economic efficiency while assuring safe conditions for the voyage and minimizing environmental impacts. The operations must adhere to regulatory requirements, such as Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS) and Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) regulations. These constraints of safety and regulation compliances make voyage planning more challenging. The current study presents a voyage planning tool for vessels through ice called Pathological Agent Algorithm (PAAL). The inputs of PAAL include the ship particulars, ice conditions from an ice chart, a start point, and an endpoint in the chart. The tool uses a generalized ship performance model to evaluate the economic metrics, such as distance traveled, voyage time, fuel consumption, and carbon emission level. A route optimization algorithm is run to search for all possible solutions and eliminate all invalid routes that violate the constraints of safety and regulations between two points. The final result is the optimal route for the current voyage. The validity of PAAL is expected to be assessed on a Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker. This study shows a case study for voyage planning in ice from the Arctic Bay to Europe via the Eastern Arctic of Canada. The results show that PAAL has the potential for a wide range of vessel types and sizes to search for optimal routes in sea ice conditions.